CEACAM6:CEA家族癌胚抗原细胞粘附分子,肿瘤新标志物或抗癌潜力靶点!
日期:2023-07-19 11:38:48
最近,发表在《美国呼吸与重症监护医学》杂志上的一篇文章揭示,癌胚抗原细胞粘附分子6(CEACAM6)是血红素氧酶-1(HO-1)的抑制剂,有助于肺病的发展 [1]。癌胚抗原细胞粘附分子(CEACAMs)属于癌胚抗原CEA基因家族(Carcinoembryonic Antigen Gene Family)。近年来,CEACAMs是研究较多的一类肿瘤相关抗原。CEACAMs成员与许多细胞进程有关,如细胞黏附、细胞增殖、血管生成以及肿瘤发生。
今年的AACR年会上,赛诺菲(Sanofi)和礼新医药(LaNova Medicines)就分别公布了CEACAM5 ADC和双抗的研究进展。同样地,CEACAM6作为癌胚抗原基因CEA家族的一员,大量研究表明,CEACAM6也与肿瘤的发展密切相关,被认为是多个癌症的有效临床生物标志物和有前景的治疗靶点。因此,CEACAM6有望成为CEA家族下一个备受关注的靶点。
1. 什么是癌胚抗原CEA基因家族?
癌胚抗原CEA基因家族(Carcinoembryonic Antigen Gene Family)分两大类:癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子(CEA-related Cell Adhesion Molecule,CEACAM)与妊娠特异性糖蛋白(Pregnancy Specific-Glycoprotein,PSG)。PSG家族包括PSG1-11等成员。CEACAM家族共有至少12种CEACAM成员,包括CEACAM1、CEACAM3、CEACAM4、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM7、CEACAM8等。CEACAM家族已成为癌症研究领域中备受关注的肿瘤相关抗原。例如,CEACAM1、CEACAM5、CEACAM7已成为重要的药物靶标,CEACAM6在大多数肿瘤中高表达,极具有癌基因功能 [1-3]。
2. 什么是CEACAM6?
2.1 CEACAM6的结构
癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子6(Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6,CEACAM6),又称CD66c、NCA-90,属于免疫球蛋白细胞粘附分子CEA家族成员之一。CEACAM6通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇(glycosyl phosphatidylinositol,GPI)连接在细胞膜上,定位于19号染色体q13.2,它编码的蛋白含344个氨基酸残基。一般而言,CEACAMs都包含一个N端的免疫球蛋白可变区域(IgV)、一个跨膜区和一个细胞质区域。CEACAMs通过同种亲和性相互作用和/或异种亲和性相互作用(如CEACAM6-CEACAM8,CEACAM5-CEACAM6)(图1)。此外,CEACAMs还充当T细胞、NK细胞、TLR-2、TLR-4、VEGFR1、VEGFR2、VEGFR3、EGFR、胰岛素受体和GM-CSFR等多个受体的共同作用分子 [2]
图1. CEACAMs的结构及亲和性相互作用 [3]
2.2 CEACAM6的表达和功能
CEACAM6在正常上皮细胞、血管内皮细胞(粒细胞,T细胞、NK细胞)中低表达。相反的,CEACAM6在众多的恶性肿瘤中表达较高,包括结肠、胃、胰腺、乳腺、女性生殖系统、肺等部位肿瘤。大量研究表明,CEACAM6在肿瘤的发生和发展过程中扮演了多个角色,包括促进肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡,促进血管生成以及诱导耐药性等方面。在整个癌胚抗原基因家族中,CEACAM6是许多侵袭性肿瘤的最具特征性的生物学标志。因此,CEACAM6有望作为药物靶点为肿瘤转移治疗带来全新策略(图2) [5-9] 。
图2. CEACAM6是许多侵袭性肿瘤的最具特征性的生物学标志 [5]
3. CEACAM6在肿瘤中的作用机制
目前为止,研究学者发现CEACAM6信号途径与以下方面相关:细胞分化和三维组织机构改变、肿瘤的侵袭与转移、血管生成、失巢凋亡以及肿瘤抑制。最新研究显示,CEACAM6参与PI3K/Akt信号通路,并在调节CD8+T细胞对肿瘤的免疫反应中扮演关键角色 [10-12]。尽管CEACAM6在肿瘤的发展中具有重要作用,但其详细机制,特别是上游调控因子,仍需进一步研究。
相关研究结果提示,CEACAM6的过度表达引发了细胞外基质(Extracellular Matrix,ECM)的改组和重建,并激活了肿瘤微环境(Tumor Microenvironment,TME)。CEACAM6信号的增加导致Src活性增强,从而促使自分泌和胰岛素样生长因子IGF-1R的激活,进而调节PI3K/Akt通路,并增加IGF-I的旁分泌刺激。IGF-I的增加会导致基质金属蛋白酶2 (MMP-2)的加工,进而改变ECM,促进恶性TME的形成 [10]。
CEACAM6在细胞表面聚集后,与小窝蛋白-1(Cav1)结合,磷酸化其底物FAK,增强Src的活性,提高细胞对失巢凋亡的抗性。此外,在TME中,TGF-β与其II型受体(TGFBR2)结合后,可以增加I型受体(TGFBR1)的异四聚状态,并通过激活I型受体来磷酸化SMAD3。磷酸化的SMAD3与SMAD4形成复合物,并迁移到细胞核,与基因启动子结合以激活靶基因的表达,其中包括CEACAM6。此外,TGF-β还可以通过其受体,激活其它信号传导途径,以在AKT/PI3K信号传导途径之外进行信号传递 (图3)[10]。
图3. CEACAM6在肿瘤中的作用机制 [10]
4. CEACAM6在癌症中的作用
4.1 CEACAM6和胆管癌
胆管癌是一种恶性肿瘤,来源于肝脏内或外的胆管上皮细胞。对肝内胆管癌患者进行CEACAM6表达分析发现,CEACAM6高表达与淋巴结转移和肿瘤分期密切相关,且患者生存期较短。实验中发现TFK-1细胞系的CEACAM6表达高于Hucc-T1和MEC细胞系,暗示其与吉西他滨(Gemcitabine)耐药性增加有关。
进一步研究发现,CEACAM6过表达可导致肿瘤增殖、侵袭能力增强,以及吉西他滨化疗耐药性增加,而siRNA沉默CEACAM6表达则增加了癌细胞对吉西他滨化疗的敏感性 [13-14, 17]。这表明CEACAM6在评估和治疗侵袭性肿瘤方面具有重要价值,可能成为临床上的药物靶点!
4.2 CEACAM6和胰腺癌
胰腺导管腺癌(PDA)中过表达的CEACAM6与肿瘤抗失巢凋亡(Anoikis resistance)有关。Anoikis是一种在细胞脱离细胞外基质后诱导的程序性细胞死亡。抗失巢凋亡(Anoikis resistance)是肿瘤转移的关键机制,它指癌细胞通过调节代谢适应无黏附环境存活,并扩散到远处器官 [15]。
通过siRNA沉默CEACAM6可逆转PDA的抗肿瘤失巢凋亡过程。针对CEACAM6的siRNA提高了细胞对半胱天冬酶介导的肿瘤失巢凋亡,并减少了AKT磷酸化的敏感性。在裸鼠的原位移植模型中,抑制CEACAM6降低了胰腺癌细胞系的转移能力。在PDA中,若CEACAM6被激活并过表达,可能使肿瘤细胞对吉西他滨药物产生抵抗,减弱治疗效果 [15-18]。
4.3 CEACAM6和乳腺癌
CEACAM6在乳腺癌细胞中高表达,可有效促进CD34阳性的血管生成,且与疾病进展和三苯氧胺(Tamoxifen)耐药性相关。CEACAM6的表达也可以作为HER2阳性乳腺癌治疗效果的指标。CEACAM6低表达提示乳腺癌对曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab)敏感,而过度表达则表示耐药 [19-20]。因此,CEACAM6的表达或可用于识别乳腺癌高危患者,并根据其肿瘤生物学特征进行个体化调整治疗。
4.4 CEACAM6和结肠癌
CEACAM6从正常组织、结肠腺瘤到结肠癌的表达逐渐上升,尤其在结肠癌中。应用免疫组化技术检测结肠癌中CEACAM6的表达,其结果表明CEACAM6可以诱导细胞迁移,使肿瘤细胞具有侵袭性。在结肠癌分期中,CEACAM6及FOXP3的表达与CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD45RO+T细胞浸润密度相反,III、IV期结肠癌较I、II期,CEACAM6表达明显增高。此外,CEACAM6和FOXP3的高表达具有抑制细胞毒和记忆T细胞在结肠癌组织中的浸润作用 [6, 21-22]。
4.5 CEACAM6和胃癌
CEACAM6能够增加胃癌细胞的体外迁移和侵袭能力,但其单抗可以很大程度上抑制这种变化。此外,CEACAM6能够抑制胃癌细胞的凋亡和失巢凋亡。在裸鼠体内,与阴性对照组相比,过表达CEACAM6,C-SRC蛋白活性升高,形成明显的肝脏、肺脏等脏器转移灶,提示CEACAM6能通过增加原癌基因C-SRC的表达,参与胃癌的发生发展 [2, 23-24]。
4.6 CEACAM6和其它癌症
CEACAM6在许多其他癌症,如肺癌 [25],甲状腺癌 [26],肾细胞癌 [27 ]、B淋巴细胞白血病 [28-29]、多发性骨髓瘤 [30-31]中,CEACAM6也被证明扮演了很重要的角色。采用单克隆抗体或使用RNA干扰技术阻断CEACAM6在骨髓瘤细胞表面的表达,可以恢复T细胞对恶性浆细胞的反应 [31]。
在B细胞急性淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤中,CEACAM6通过增加caspase活性以及上调Akt细胞生存途径来增强失巢凋亡作用 [29]。在肺癌细胞中,生长抑制因子-5(inhibitor of growth 5,ING5)可通过增加CEACAM6表达从而促进EMT的发生 [32]。在肾细胞癌中,CEACAM6可能是通过ERK/AKT通路,导致C-MYC、Survivin和MMP-9等相关功能蛋白活化起到其促癌作用 [27]。
5. CEACAM6的在研临床药物
来自Pharmsnap的数据显示,已有多款靶向CEACAM6的临床在研药物,用于胰腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌等 (表1)。其中,Immunomedics公司的Sulesomab(硫索单抗)已批准上市。事实上,以往多项研究表明靶向CEACAM6提供了治疗肿瘤的潜力方法,例如,一项针对CEACAM6的抗体-药物结合物的研究调查了抗CEACAM6-maytansinoid(DM1)免疫结合物在PDA小鼠异种移植模型中的功效 [33]。
此外,使用人源化小鼠单克隆抗体的单链可变片段(scFv),通过靶向CEACAM6的特定位点诱导PDA细胞凋亡,并且该效果不依赖于抗体的细胞毒性,能够以较低的剂量与常规化疗方法联合使用,同时保持对肿瘤细胞的凋亡效果 [34-35]。总体而言,随着对CEA家族成员的研究不断深入,除了经典的CEACAM5外,针对CEACAM6进行靶向治疗可能为实体肿瘤和血液恶性肿瘤的新型联合疗法提供新的方向!
药物 | 靶点 | 作用机制 | 在研适应症 | 药物最高研发状态(全球) | 药物类型 | 在研机构 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sulesomab (硫索单抗) | CEACAM6 | CEACAM6抑制剂 | 骨髓炎 | 批准上市 | 放射标记抗体; 诊断用放射药物; 单克隆抗体 |
免疫医学股份有限公司 (Immunomedics, Inc.) |
L-DOS-47 | CEACAM6 | CEACAM6抑制剂 | 胰腺癌; 肺癌; 非小细胞肺癌 |
临床2期 | 融合蛋白 | 赫利克斯生物药品公司 (Helix BioPharma Corp.) |
NEO-201 | CEACAM5 + CEACAM6 | CEACAM5拮抗剂、CEACAM6抑制剂 | 头颈部鳞状细胞癌; 非小细胞肺癌; 宫颈癌; 肺腺癌; 乳腺癌; 结直肠癌; 胰腺癌 |
临床1/2期 | 单克隆抗体 | Precision Biologics, Inc. |
EBC-129 | CEACAM6 | CEACAM6抑制剂 | 实体瘤 | 临床1期 | ADC | 新加坡实验药物研发中心 |
PM-4008 | CD3 + CEACAM6 | CEACAM6抑制剂 | 肿瘤 | 临床前 | 三特异性抗体 | 普米斯生物技术(珠海)有限公司 (Biotheus Inc.) |
DNP-002 | CEACAM6 | CEACAM6抑制剂 | 实体瘤 | 临床前 | 小分子化药 | 狄诺纳有限公司 (DiNonA, Inc.) |
BAY-1834942(Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Dkfz) | CEACAM6 | CEACAM6抑制剂 | 肿瘤 | 临床前 | 单克隆抗体 | 拜耳股份有限公司(Bayer AG);德国癌症研究公共权益基金会(German Cancer Research Center) (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) |
ICT-109 | CEACAM5 + CEACAM6 | CEACAM5拮抗剂、CEACAM6抑制剂 | / | 药物发现 | 单克隆抗体 | / |
表1:CEACAM6的在研临床药物
为鼎力协助各药企针对CEACAM6在肿瘤等疾病在临床中的研究,CUSABIO推出CEACAM6活性蛋白产品(Code: CSB-MP005166HU),助力您在CEACAM6机制方面的研究或其潜在临床价值的探索。(点击查看CEACAM6系列产品:CEACAM6蛋白 ;CEACAM6抗体)
CEACAM6蛋白
The purity was greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE. (Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.
Immobilized Human CEACAM6 at 2 μg/mL can bind Human CEACAM8 (CSB-MP005168HU), the EC50 is 144.7-223.8 ng/mL.
Immobilized Human CEACAM6 at 2 μg/mL can bind Anti- CEACAM5/CEACAM6 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA005165MA2HU), the EC50 is 0.9430-1.377 ng/mL.
CEACAM5/CEACAM6重组抗体
CEACAM5/CEACAM6 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody (Code: CSB-RA005165MA2HU)
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human CEACAM5 at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-CEACAM5/CEACAM6 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA005165MA2HU), the EC50 is 0.4282-1.151 ng/mL.
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human CEACAM6 (CSB-MP005166HU) at 2 μg/mL can bind Anti- CEACAM5/CEACAM6 recombinant antibody, the EC50 is 0.9430-1.377 ng/mL.
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