Recombinant Human Pro-glucagon (GCG), partial

1. GPR119 is the oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol receptor that is required for GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells. PMID: 29883799
2. RYGB increased circulating bile acids, ileal Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and mTORC1 signaling activity, as well as GLP-1 production in both mice and human subjects. Inhibition of ileal mTORC1 signaling by rapamycin significantly attenuated the stimulation of bile acid secretion, TGR5 expression and GLP-1 synthesis induced by RYGB in lean and diet-induced obese mice. PMID: 29859856
3. Glucagon role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.[review] PMID: 29024725
4. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of GLP-1 in the protection against oxidative damage and the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. [review] PMID: 29271910
5. Study concludes that in healthy subjects, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases cardiac output acutely due to a GLP-1-induced vasodilation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle together with an increase in cardiac work. PMID: 28174344
6. Chenodeoxycholic acid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. PMID: 28202805
7. The results demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin synergistically and additively activate vagal afferent neurons. PMID: 28624122
8. DPP-4 activity and GLP-1total levels were higher in patients with microvascular complications associated with T2DM. Contrary to expectations, no negative correlation was seen between GLP-1 and DDP-4 levels. This result suggests the possible inefficacy of DDP-4 activity as a marker to predict in vivo degradation of endogenous GLP-1. PMID: 29061224
9. Data suggest that cAMP acts as amplifier of insulin secretion triggered by Ca2+ elevation in beta-cells; both messengers are also positive modulators of glucagon release from alpha-cells, but in this case cAMP signaling may be the important regulator and Ca2+ signaling has a more permissive role. [REVIEW] PMID: 28466587
10. This study provides evidence that, in HepG2 cells, GLP-1 may affect cholesterol homeostasis by regulating the expression of miR-758 and ABCA1. PMID: 29453982
11. This study reports the transition dipole strengths and frequencies of the amyloid beta-sheet amide I mode for the aggregated proteins amyloid-beta1-40, calcitonin, alpha-synuclein, and glucagon. PMID: 28851219
12. genetic association studies in population in China: Data confirm that an SNP in an intron of SLC47A1 (rs2289669) is associated with hypoglycemic response to metformin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; differential increases in basal GLP1 plasma levels are also related to this SNP. (SLC47A1 = solute carrier family 47 member 1; GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide-1) PMID: 28321905
13. GLP-2 augmented BRIN BD11 beta-cell proliferation, but was less efficacious in 1.1B4 cells. These data highlight the involvement of GLP-2 receptor signalling in the adaptations to pancreatic islet cell stress. PMID: 28746825
14. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2) stimulates cancer myofibroblast proliferation, migration and invasion; GLP-2 acts indirectly on epithelial cells partly via increased Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) expression in myofibroblasts. PMID: 28363795
15. Describe model, in which the release of GIP/GLP-1 is stimulated by glucose in the proximal small intestine, and no differences in the secretion dynamics between healthy individuals and patients with T2D are identified after taking differences in glucose profiles into account. PMID: 28374974
16. the solvent exposure of the two Phe sites along the glucagon sequence was determined, showing that 4F-Phe6 was fully solvent exposed and 4F-Phe22 was only partially exposed PMID: 28508109
17. Data suggest that dose/intensity-response relationships exist between exercise intensity and total plasma PYY levels, though the effects on total plasma GLP1 levels and hunger perceptions seem unclear. (PYY = peptide YY ; GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide 1) PMID: 27721013
18. GLP-2 could be considered an hormone causing positive energy balance, which, however has the role to mitigate the metabolic dysfunctions associated with hyper-adiposity. [review] PMID: 27664588
19. Studies indicate that nutrient-induced glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) response was one of the best predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission after Roux-en-Y-gastric-bypass (RYGB). PMID: 29040429
20. Insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals is associated with raised fasting GLP-1 levels but reduced GLP-1 responses to meal stimulation. PMID: 29097626
21. Age-dependent human beta cell proliferation induced by glucagon-like peptide 1 and calcineurin signaling PMID: 28920919
22. Data suggest early peaks in glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon secretion/blood level together trigger exaggerated insulinotropic response (high insulin secretion/level) to eating and consequent hypoglycaemia in patients with postprandial hypoglycaemia as a postoperative complication following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for obesity complicated by type 2 diabetes; this retrospective cohort study was conducted in London. PMID: 28855269
23. A common variant, i.e., single nucleotide polymorphism rs6741949, in the DPP4 gene interacts with body adiposity and negatively affects glucose-stimulated GLP-1 levels, insulin secretion, and glucose tolerance. PMID: 28750074
24. Compared with the lean group, the obese group had significantly higher fasting and post-OGTT GIP levels, but similar fasting GLP-1 and significantly lower post-OGTT GLP-1 levels. PMID: 28655715
25. Hemodialysis improves upper GI symptoms and gastric slow waves in CKD patients. An increase in ghrelin and a decrease in GLP-1 might be involved in the HD-induced improvement in gastric slow waves. PMID: 28566304
26. Data suggest that, in obesity, serum levels of active GLP1 are down-regulated and serum levels of soluble DPP4 are up-regulated; DPP4 levels correlate negatively with active GLP-1 levels but are positively associated with insulin resistance; thus, DPP4 may be biomarker for insulin resistance. This study was conducted in Malaysia. (GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide 1; DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase 4) PMID: 28288852
27. Insulin resistance, postprandial GLP-1 and adaptive immunity are the main predictors of NAFLD in a homogeneous population at high cardiovascular risk. PMID: 27134062
28. Data suggest that laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) for morbid obesity improves insulin resistance after either fast or slow feeding/eating; these findings suggest a negligible contribution of anorexigenic gut peptides GLP1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and PYY (peptide YY) from intestinal L cells in response to LSG-induced weight loss. PMID: 27022941
29. L-trp is a luminal regulator of CCK release with effects on gastric emptying, an effect that could be mediated by CCK. L-trp's effect on GLP-1 secretion is only minor. At the doses given, the two amino acids did not affect subjective appetite feelings. PMID: 27875537
30. rs12104705 CC genotype associated with both general obesity and abdominal obesity in case of new-onset diabetes PMID: 27998387
31. The effects of GLP-1-based therapies on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics are not mediated through microvascular responses. PMID: 27562916
32. Endogenous GLP1 is involved in the central regulation of feeding by affecting central responsiveness to palatable food consumption. PMID: 26769912
33. secretion of oxyntomodulin in patients with type 2 diabetes is significantly impaired. PMID: 27322465
34. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogues Inhibit Proliferation and Increase Apoptosis of Human Prostate Cancer Cells PMID: 28008585
35. The GLP-1 secretion after 75 g OGTT was impaired in newly diagnosed T2DM patients, inversely proportional to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, and positively correlated with beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. PMID: 26739974
36. GLP-1 secretion increased in response to inflammatory stimuli in humans, which was associated to parameters of glucose metabolism and best predicted by IL6. PMID: 26842302
37. Among young and healthy adults, GLP-1 levels are strongly and independently related to body fat mass especially in men, but not body mass index or waist circumference. PMID: 25865948
38. Glucagon circulates in patients without a pancreas and glucose stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract elicits significant hyperglucagonemia in these patients. PMID: 26672094
39. There is minor contribution of endogenous GLP-1 and GLP-2 to postprandial lipemia in obese men. PMID: 26752550
40. Data suggest that endocrine responses differ between jejunal and gastric enteral feeding, with higher peak plasma CCK (cholecystokinin), PYY (peptide YY), and GLP-1/2 (glucagon-like peptides 1/2) concentrations being attained after jejunal feeding. PMID: 26762368
41. Data suggest that capsaicin, an appetite suppressant dietary supplement (here, administered via intraduodenal infusion), does not act via alteration of secretion of satiety hormones GLP-1 (GLP-1) and PYY (peptide YY). PMID: 26718419
42. Data show that NCI-H716 cells were immunostained for tumor necrosis factor receptor TNFR1, and TNFalpha treatment enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. PMID: 26270730
43. active GLP-1 produced in the islet stimulates cholecystokinin production and secretion in a paracrine manner via cyclic AMP and CREB. PMID: 25984632
44. Data suggest that secretion of insulin and glucagon is up-regulated in subjects with type 2 diabetes with dyssomnia as compared to subjects with type 2 diabetes without dyssomnia; those with dyssomnia exhibit prehypertension and insulin resistance. PMID: 25957006
45. no association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility in Chinese population PMID: 25863010
46. Data suggest plasma GLP1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and PYY (peptide YY) can be regulated by digestion-resistant diet factors; intake of soluble dietary fiber (prebiotic Fibersol-2) in a tea with meal up-regulated plasma GLP1/PYY and decreased hunger. PMID: 25823991
47. Glucagon has emerged as a key hormone for the regulation of glucose homeostasis and for development of type 2 diabetes. [Review] PMID: 25814364
48. The PKC-dependent effect of GLP-1 on membrane potential and electrical activity was mediated by activation of Na(+)-permeable TRPM4 and TRPM5 channels by mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) from thapsigargin-sensitive Ca(2+) stores PMID: 26571400
49. The actions of GLP-2 are transduced by the GLP-2 receptor [GLP-2R], which is localized in the neurons of the enteric nervous system but not in the intestinal epithelium. PMID: 25218018
50. GLP-1 increases PGC-1(alpha) expression by downregulating miR-23a in liver cells. PMID: 26315270

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HGNC: 4191

OMIM: 138030

KEGG: hsa:2641

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000387662

UniGene: Hs.516494