Recombinant Human Thioredoxin (TXN)

1. Data suggest that TSTD1 can utilize thioredoxin as an acceptor in the presence of thioredoxin reductase and NADPH. (TSTD1 = thiosulfate sulfurtransferase-like domain-containing 1 protein) PMID: 29348167
2. Based on recent research, it has been reported that the modulation of the Trx/TrxR system may be considered as a new target in the management of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, as well as in the treatment of hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this review evidence about a possible role of this system as a marker of the metabolic syndrome is reported. [review] PMID: 29327078
3. By establishing that IL-4 is posttranslationally regulated by TRX-promoted reduction of a disulfide bond, our findings highlight a novel regulatory mechanism of the type 2 immune response that is specific to IL-4 over IL-13. PMID: 30104382
4. TRX1 is an actionable castration-resistant prostate cancer therapeutic target through its protection against AR-induced redox stress. PMID: 29089489
5. Trx-1 may be an important target for delaying oral malignant transformation, which provides a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 29328386
6. Results found the mRNA level of TRX-1 was significantly decreased (p<0.005), while the mRNA levels of TBP-2, COX-2, and TNF-alpha were significantly increased in the placentas in preeclampsia when compared to the normal group. PMID: 29999276
7. This study quantified the contribution of Trx reductase to the redox status of Trx, demonstrating that the redox profile of Trx is determined by the interplay between the elevation of intracellular redox potential and the reduction by Trx reductase and other endogenous molecules. PMID: 29509009
8. We identified a novel Jab1-Trx axis that is a key cellular process in the pathobiologic characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M5). Targeting the ROS/Jab1/Trx pathway could be beneficial in the treatment of AML-M5 PMID: 28270496
9. study indicates that TRX levels cannot be used as a marker for Treatment Resistant Depression (trd) or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in TRD. In spite of this TRX levels have a positive correlation with language functions of the patients. PMID: 28442424
10. The reducing system of PTEN was comprised of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), and thioredoxin (Trx). PMID: 28774816
11. Thioredoxin 1 modulates signaling mechanisms in the heart via its molecular targets, including transcription factors, microRNAs, histone deactylases, and protein kinases. (Review) PMID: 27993729
12. The ratio of thioredoxin/Keap1 protein level may be useful for suggesting distant metastasis in colorectal cancer. PMID: 29053012
13. Overexpression of NOS3 increased the levels and activities of proteins of the redoxin systems, Trx1, Grx1, TrxR1 and TxnIP, and the levels of signaling proteins (Akt1, pAkt1(-)Ser473, MapK, pMapK, Stat3, Fas). PMID: 28162284
14. Increased serum thioredoxin concentrations are highly associated with trauma severity PMID: 28347674
15. Plasma-TRX on day 1 was significantly increased in patients who later developed post-injury sepsis. In a logistic regression analysis including TRX, C-reactive protein, injury severity, massive transfusion, and admission blood pressure, TRX was the only variable independently associated with post-injury sepsis PMID: 28087409
16. High TRX1 expression is associated with myocardial infarction. PMID: 26933812
17. Data show that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) induced apoptosis via the down-regulation thioredoxin1 (Trx1), which was regulated by microRNA miR-129-5p. PMID: 28667779
18. Analysis of 25 independent cohorts with 5910 patients showed that Trx1 and TrxR1 were both associated with a poor patient prognosis in terms of overall survival, distant metastasis free survival and disease free survival. PMID: 26760912
19. these findings demonstrate that Trx1 is a critical regulator of necroptosis that suppresses cell death by maintaining MLKL in a reduced inactive state. PMID: 28878015
20. Study shows that TRX1 and APEX1 expressions are up regulated in new Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients compared to controls and might be implicated in pathogenesis of the disease. PMID: 28844667
21. CD40 activation resulted in down-regulation of Thioredoxin (Trx)-1 to permit ASK1 activation and apoptosis. Although soluble receptor agonist alone could not induce death, combinatorial treatment incorporating soluble CD40 agonist and pharmacological inhibition of Trx-1 was functionally equivalent to the signal triggered by mCD40L PMID: 27869172
22. our findings identify the TXN-FOXO1-p300 circuit as the sensor and effector of oxidative stress in DLBCL cells PMID: 27132507
23. Novel positive feedback loop between Trx-1 and S100P promotes colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis. PMID: 28483515
24. Thioredoxin attenuates oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by reducing NOX2-NOX4 activity. PMID: 28688762
25. from the two catalytic cysteines of TRX1 the residue C32 is responsible for the high-affinity binding of TRX1 to the ASK1-TRX-binding domain in reducing conditions PMID: 27588831
26. findings suggest that the up-regulated RRM1 and hTrx1 in colorectal cancer directly interact with each other and promote RR activity, resulting in enhanced DNA synthesis and cancer malignancy. PMID: 28411237
27. Trx and its target proteins involved in redox signaling are critical for the control of cell fate such as cell survival and apoptosis [review] PMID: 27665998
28. herefore, the length of treatment with Nrf2 activators and/or Trx-1 has first to be studied in more detail in cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, a combination of Nrf2 activators and Trx-1 should be investigated and taken into consideration. PMID: 27923281
29. In an in vivo model of restenosis, which is characterized by oxidative stress, endothelial activation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation, Thioredoxin-1 protein levels are reduced in the endothelium of the carotids. APEX1 acts anti-apoptotic in endothelial cells. This anti-apoptotic effect depends on the first 20 amino acids of APEX1 PMID: 27835927
30. s found that TXN was under expressed in both AML and ALL groups as compared to the control group. Also TXN expression level was negatively correlated with serum 8-OHdG and tail moment in both AML and ALL. PMID: 27158980
31. Increased S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations, especially U-Trx/cr ratio, are closely associated with the severity of children hydronephrosis, substantializing Trx as a promising biomarker for the progression of children hydronephrosis PMID: 28111273
32. TRX in postoperative serum may be a potential biomarker to predict development of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. PMID: 28093200
33. Serum levels of thioredoxin and DJ-1 were significantly higher in non-small cell lung cancer patients; therefore, these may be utilized as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer PMID: 26334622
34. Elevated plasma thioredoxin levels are correlated with the severity and poor prognosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. PMID: 27000227
35. Data show that the overexpression of thioredoxin1 (Trx1) attenuated apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in lung cancer cells. PMID: 26460805
36. Based on its collective anti-oxidative, cytoprotective, and cytokine-like properties of TRX, TRX is likely to be involved in the optimal growth and maturation of ovarian follicles and responsiveness to hyperstimulation. PMID: 26536897
37. change of serum levels of thioredoxin in patients with severe traumatic brain injury PMID: 26656445
38. Serum TRX levels at admission were associated with stroke severity and lesion volumes. PMID: 25520003
39. Results indicate that reduced Trx1 plays important protective roles against methyl methanesulfonate-induced DNA damage and cell death, suggesting that cell protection is regulated by the intracellular redox state. PMID: 26276860
40. The results demonstrate that the antiproliferative effect of NO is hampered by Trx1 and Grx1 and support the strategy of weakening the thiolic antioxidant defenses when designing new antitumoral therapies. PMID: 26210445
41. differential expression in children with allergic asthma PMID: 25979194
42. identification of the novel interaction between Trx1 and AIF has provided opportunities to design and develop therapeutically relevant strategies that either promote or prevent this protein-protein interaction for the treatment of different disease PMID: 26119781
43. Thioredoxin 1 mediates TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. PMID: 26325518
44. In Jurkat cells exposed to ionizing radiatin (4 Gy), constitutively active Trx systems respond to restore cellular redox balance. After 16 hrs, Trx increases and rescues cells against IR-mediated damage. PMID: 26021764
45. genetic variants of TXN and COMT have roles in regulating abdominal obesity PMID: 26329592
46. Trx1 inhibition results in reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis in Multiple myeloma cells, sensitizes Multiple myeloma cells to the NF-small ka, Cyrillicbeta inhibitors, and also induces apoptosis in bortezomib-resistant myeloma cells. PMID: 25945832
47. thioredoxin is a remote ischemic preconditioning-induced factor in heart tissue of cardiosurgical patients. PMID: 25622749
48. Plasma TRX levels of male patients in a manic episode were significantly lower than the controls. PMID: 25297388
49. the overexpression and nuclear translocation of thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) are closely associated with hypoxia-drug resistance through the regulation of the metabolism by the oxidative stress response to glycolysis. PMID: 25656992
50. The crystal structure of fully oxidized thioredoxin shows a non-active Cys62-Cys69 disulfide bond in addition to the active Cys32-Cys35 disulfide. PMID: 26453009

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HGNC: 12435

OMIM: 187700

KEGG: hsa:7295

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000363641

UniGene: Hs.435136