Rat Protein S100-A9(S100A9) ELISA kit

S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex is proposed to direct selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of multiple targets such as GAPDH, NXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif.

1. these results suggest that calprotectin, along with other inflammatory factors, promotes the inflammation seen in mild food allergy PMID: 28454097
2. Recombinant rat r-S100A9 bound to r-CD68. The expression levels of S100A9 were significantly suppressed after the macrophages had been treated with an anti-CD68 antibody. Small interfering CD68 also significantly suppressed activation of macrophages through an autocrine pathway by r-S100A9. PMID: 27312849
3. In dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis fecal levels of S100A9 detected by ELISA were significantly elevated before microscopic damage was detected. PMID: 27693389
4. Decreased S100A9 expression promoted airway smooth muscle cell proliferation by stimulating reactive oxygen species generation and inhibiting p38 MAPK. PMID: 28050155
5. Expression of S100A9 mRNA and the corresponding protein in cultured NRVCs was similar between control cells and NE-stimulated cells, but was markedly upregulated at 12 hours after the withdrawal of NE PMID: 25820336
6. in ulcerative colitis rats the immune functions of macrophages are regulated in a complex manner by r-S100A8 and/or r-S100A9 through undefined autocrine pathways on the cells PMID: 25485702
7. S100a9 is a memory-related gene, which is affected by the presence of occlusal support in rats. PMID: 24370184
8. Data indicate that serum calprotectin levels correlated with serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL6 in TNBS colitis. PMID: 23685388
9. results suggest that the increased serum S100A8/A9 concentrations following acute myocardial infarction were not of cardiac myocyte origin PMID: 21887593
10. To understand the possible role of S100A9 in asthma, the effects of the S100A9 were investigated in a rat model of asthma and in isolated tracheal spirals. PMID: 20599758
11. Phosphorylation inhibits tubulin polymerization in microtubules. PMID: 15331440
12. An interaction between a subpopulation of neutrophils and the central nervous system during peripheral tissue inflammation is implied by the apparent release and possible diffusion of S100A8 and S100A9 through the endothelial blood-brain barrier. PMID: 18063312

显示更多

收起更多

Secreted. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.

S-100 family

Highly expressed at sites of inflammation.

KEGG: rno:94195

STRING: 10116.ENSRNOP00000015351

UniGene: Rn.6703