Mouse Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2(RARRES2) ELISA kit

RARRES2，也被称为TIG2，是一种与肿瘤相关的蛋白质，其作用机制目前还不太清楚。最近的一些研究表明，RARRES2可能在肿瘤的发生、发展和治疗中扮演着重要的角色。

Adipocyte-secreted protein (adipokine) that regulates adipogenesis, metabolism and inflammation through activation of the chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). Acts also as a ligand for CMKLR2. Can also bind to C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2), but with a lower affinity than it does to CMKLR1 or CMKLR2. Positively regulates adipocyte differentiation, modulates the expression of adipocyte genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and might play a role in angiogenesis, a process essential for the expansion of white adipose tissue. Also acts as a proinflammatory adipokine, causing an increase in secretion of proinflammatory and prodiabetic adipokines, which further impair adipose tissue metabolic function and have negative systemic effects including impaired insulin sensitivity, altered glucose and lipid metabolism, and a decrease in vascular function in other tissues. Can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on the modality of enzymatic cleavage by different classes of proteases. Acts as a chemotactic factor for leukocyte populations expressing CMKLR1, particularly immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but also immature myeloid DCs, macrophages and natural killer cells. Exerts an anti-inflammatory role by preventing TNF/TNFA-induced VCAM1 expression and monocytes adhesion in vascular endothelial cells. The effect is mediated via inhibiting activation of NF-kappa-B and CRK/p38 through stimulation of AKT1/NOS3 signaling and nitric oxide production. Exhibits an antimicrobial function in the skin.

1. Systemic and hepatic chemerin, and chemerin receptor activation were not changed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Chemerin protein was induced in liver in NASH, but was unchanged in HCC tissues. Hepatic and serum chemerin and ex vivo analyzed chemerin receptor activation do not differ in murine NASH-associated HCC when compared to NASH. PMID: 29715085
2. endogenously secreted chemerin plays an autocrine/paracrine role in white adipose tissue, identifying chemerin as a therapeutic target to modulate adipose remodelling. PMID: 27461525
3. elevated levels of chemerin were found in colons of mice with experimental colitis, and a neutralizing anti-chemerin antibody improved intestinal inflammation PMID: 24727542
4. Data suggest a potential role for chemerin and CMKLR1 in the regulation of inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment. PMID: 21752353
5. Suggest reduction of chemerin could contribute to the antiobesity/antidiabetic properties described for alpha-lipoic acid. PMID: 26721419
6. Study indicates that Chemerin plays a role in the negative cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Specifically, Chemerin promotes the adipogenic differentiation potential and alters the myoblast cell fate from myogenesis to adipogenesis. PMID: 26164089
7. Data indicate that chemerin may play an important role in regulating mitochondrial remodelling and function in skeletal muscle. PMID: 25754411
8. The chemerin15 (C15) precursor, chemerin, and its receptor, ChemR23, are both upregulated after skin damage and the receptor is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils, and keratinocytes. C15 delivery dampens immediate inflammatory events. PMID: 24881877
9. findings reveal previously uncharacterized regulators of chemerin expression in skin and identify a physiologic role for chemerin in skin barrier defense against microbial pathogens. PMID: 25659101
10. A novel autocrine/paracrine role for chemerin in regulating osteoclast differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells PMID: 23766088
11. this study reports that retinoic acid-activated endothelial cells can promote myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell transmigration across endothelial cell monolayers through the endogenous production of chemerin PMID: 24470498
12. Data suggest that chemerin/ChemR23 (chemokine-like receptor 1) signaling is not essential for adipocyte differentiation, but it appears to play a role in control of body weight and energy metabolism as overweight/obesity progresses. PMID: 24084834
13. Studies using isolated islets and perfused pancreas revealed impaired glucose-dependent insulin secretion (GSIS) in chemerin-deficient mice. Conversely, chemerin transgenic mice revealed enhanced GSIS and improved glucose tolerance. PMID: 22355640
14. Following TNFalpha treatment, increased elastase and tryptase modify the balance between activation and deactivation, elevating active chemerin concentration in adipocyte media and subsequent CMKLR1 activation. PMID: 23227233
15. results of this study indicate that chemerin plays a role in the negative cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to regulate myogenesis PMID: 22906999
16. Downstream targets of Chemerin/ChemR23 signaling are phosphorylated in vitro and are expressed in mouse tooth development, suggesting roles for Chemerin/ChemR23-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling during tooth morphogenesis. PMID: 23053848
17. These results rule out the direct anti-inflammatory effect of chemerin on macrophages ex vivo, described previously in the literature, despite the expression of a functional ChemR23 receptor in these cells. PMID: 22768214
18. Chemerin increases in airways during viral infection; Chemerin appears to have anti-inflammatory properties, by acting on ChemR23 expressed by non-leukocytic cells dampening the inflammatory response promoted by the viral infection; the chemerin/ChemR23 system plays important roles in the physiopathology of viral pneumonia PMID: 22072972
19. a fundamental role for chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling in clonal expansion during adipocyte differentiation as well as a role for PPARgamma in regulating chemerin expression. PMID: 21572083
20. The current data show that adipocyte hypertrophy and chronic inflammation are equally important in inducing chemerin synthesis. PMID: 21084441
21. Macrophage chemoattractant protein chemerin, which is generated at sites of inflammation, rapidly stimulates adhesion of peritoneal macrophages to fibronectin and VCAM-1 by promoting clustering of integrins VLA-5 and VLA-4, respectively. PMID: 20720202
22. data support a novel role for chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling in regulating adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis of bone marrow-derived precursor cells PMID: 19929432
23. Results identified TNFalpha as a positive regulator of adipocyte-derived chemerin. PMID: 20363880
24. Ablation of the chemerin gene RARRES-2 may result in mice with a more overt phenotype than that of ChemR23-deficient mice through removal of chemerin-derived ligands for ChemR23. PMID: 20363975
25. Data provide evidence that serum chemerin levels are elevated in obesity and diabetes. PMID: 20228173
26. chemerin is a novel adipose-derived signaling molecule that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism PMID: 17635925
27. Thus, the adipokine chemerin likely regulates adipocyte function by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. PMID: 17767914
28. These data establish that chemerin is a novel adipokine that regulates adipocyte function. PMID: 18242188
29. Interleukin-1beta induces the novel adipokine chemerin in adipocytes in vitro. PMID: 19233230
30. Rarres2 is highly expressed in adipose tissue and during adipocyte differentiation. PMID: 17640997

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Secreted.

Expressed in the differentiated adipocytes (at protein level). Abundantly expressed in the liver, adipose tissue including visceral, epididymal, and brown adipose tissue.

KEGG: mmu:71660

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000009425

UniGene: Mm.28231