Mouse Growth/differentiation factor 15(GDF15) ELISA kit

Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL-expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which constitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling.

1. GDF15 is a myokine secreted by aging-related stress and may control aging phenotype PMID: 29491220
2. Membrane-protein extraction and use of an intracellular protein-transport inhibitor showed that GDF-15 promoted CaV3.1 and CaV3.3 alpha-subunit expression by trafficking to the membrane. PMID: 27353765
3. CHOP activates Gdf15 transcription via binding to its promoter upon endoplasmic reticulum stress. PMID: 28847729
4. The ANT1-deficient muscle mitochondria produce excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are partially uncoupled. Hence, the muscle respiration under nonphosphorylating conditions is increased. Muscle transcriptome analysis revealed the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis, down-regulation of diabetes-related genes, and increased expression of the genes encoding the myokines FGF21 and GDF15. PMID: 28223503
5. isolating GFRAL as the receptor for GDF15-induced anorexia and weight loss, the identification of a mechanistic basis for the non-homeostatic regulation of neural circuitry by a peripheral signal associated with tissue damage and stress; findings provide opportunities to develop therapeutic agents for the treatment of disorders with altered energy demand PMID: 28953886
6. These data suggest that GDF15 is required for IL-13-induced improvement of glucose intolerance in mice fed an HFD. PMID: 28874416
7. HIF-1alpha and GDF15 expression are inversely related under normoxia and hyperoxia. PMID: 28734801
8. This is the first study defining the role of Mic-1/Gdf15 in a number of behavioural domains. PMID: 28081177
9. epithelial restitution was promoted by enhanced NAG-1 expression and subsequent enterocyte locomotion during the early wound-healing process PMID: 27421482
10. GDF15 is a potent mitohormetic signal that safeguards against the onset of obesity and insulin resistance. PMID: 27986797
11. The aim of this study was to identify the role of endogenous Gdf-15 in the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) by comparing Gdf-15 (+/+) and Gdf-15 (-/-) mice. PMID: 27115420
12. The results of this study indicated the importance of Gdf-15 in promoting survival of DAergic neurons and regulating the inflammatory response post 6-OHDA lesion. PMID: 26733415
13. endogenous Growth/differentiation factor-15 is beneficial for axon regeneration following sciatic nerve crush PMID: 26077927
14. repeated cisterna magna administration of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhanced endogenous adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic activity through a paracrine factor of GDF-15 PMID: 26154268
15. Levels of GDF-15 mRNA increased 2 h after induction of ventilator-induced lung injury in WT lungs. Non-hematopoietic cells are the main source of GDF-15. GDF-15 is required for platelet-leukocyte interactions during ventilator-induced lung injury. PMID: 25948320
16. hNAG-1 appears to be a novel therapeutic target in preventing and treating obesity and insulin resistance. PMID: 24531647
17. Collectively, hNAG-1 is an important regulator of mammalian longevity and may act as a survival factor. PMID: 25239873
18. Counterbalance between MIC-1 and ATF3 is critical for deciding the fate of enterocytes under the food chemical stress. PMID: 25180886
19. Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of lung involvement in systemic sclerosis, is involved in fibrosis development but is not indispensable for fibrosis development. PMID: 24504814
20. Growth/differentiation factor 15 promotes EGFR signalling, and regulates proliferation and migration in the hippocampus of neonatal and young adult mice. PMID: 24496615
21. GDF-15 is therefore prominently upregulated in the retina after optic nerve crush but does not directly interfere with the magnitude and temporal progression of retinal ganglion cell death. PMID: 23640134
22. GDF15 protects the renal interstitium and tubular compartment in experimental type 1 and 2 diabetes without affecting glomerular damage PMID: 23986522
23. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli enhances MIC-1 gene expression in the human intestinal cancer cells PMID: 23503457
24. knockdown of MIC-1 can decrease RNPC1-induced cell growth suppression. PMID: 23836903
25. This is the first study that demonstrates a protective role of GDF-15 in advanced atherosclerosis and macrophage accumulation, possibly due to the reduced expression of adhesion molecules. PMID: 23800095
26. MIC-1/GDF15 is involved in the physiological regulation of appetite and energy storage. PMID: 23468844
27. GDF-15 specifically inhibits platelet integrin activation, preventing thrombus formation. PMID: 23231375
28. GDF-15 is involved in orchestrating atherosclerotic lesion progression by regulating apoptotic cell death and IL-6-dependent inflammatory responses to vascular injury. PMID: 23316317
29. Increased expression of the TGF-b superfamily cytokine MIC-1/GDF15 protects ApoE(-/-) mice from the development of atherosclerosis. PMID: 22386250
30. GDF15 impairs aortic contractile and relaxing function through an endothelium-dependent mechanism involving altered caveolar endothelial NO synthase signaling. PMID: 23262134
31. MIC-1/GDF15 has complex actions on tumor behavior PMID: 22952779
32. identified the secreted protein follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) as an inducer of GDF15 production. PMID: 22675198
33. The work shows that the molecule MIC-1/GDF15 might be beneficial for the treatment of obesity as well as perturbations in glucose homeostasis. PMID: 22514681
34. These findings suggest that GDF15 could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of bone loss relevant to hypoxia. PMID: 22190281
35. coronary artery ligation in Gdf15-deficient mice led to enhanced recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the infarcted myocardium and an increased incidence of cardiac rupture PMID: 21516086
36. Regulation of GDF-15, a distant TGF-beta superfamily member, in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. PMID: 21128084
37. GDF-15 deletion has a beneficial effect both in early and later atherosclerosis by inhibition of CCR2-mediated chemotaxis and by modulating cell death. PMID: 21242297
38. GDF-15 at endogenous levels contributes to proliferation and immune escape of malignant gliomas in an immunocompetent host. PMID: 20534737
39. Data show that MIC-1 is secreted from melanoma cells together with VEGF to promote vascular development mediated by (V600E)B-Raf signaling. PMID: 20431030
40. GDF-15 prevents apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by activating Akt and inhibiting endogenously active ERK PMID: 12514175
41. GDF-15/MIC-1 is an early mediator of the injury response in kidney and lung PMID: 15897808
42. GDF-15 induction is an immediate early response to liver injury that can occur through TNF and p53 independent pathways PMID: 16154591
43. GDF15 is a novel autocrine/endocrine factor that antagonizes the hypertrophic response and loss of ventricular performance. PMID: 16397142
44. gdf15 is a growth factor with dual function either promoting proliferation or growth arrest and differentiation due most likely to differences in cellular differentiation PMID: 17286605
45. GDF-15 has no apparent effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor formation rate, growth rate or invasiveness in diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC in vivo. PMID: 18210153
46. Data conclude that MIC-1 is expressed in adipose tissue and secreted from adipocytes and is therefore a new adipokine. MIC-1 may have a paracrine role in the modulation of adipose tissue function and body fat mass. PMID: 19074584
47. a possible inverse relationship exists between the expression of NAG-1 and COX-2 in tumor formation of colon tissue. PMID: 19375854
48. the NAG-1 protein inhibits urethane-induced tumor formation PMID: 19401523
49. Despite striking similarities in the GDF-15 and CNTF knock-out phenotypes, expression levels of CNTF and other neurotrophic factors in the sciatic nerve were unaltered suggesting that GDF-15 is a genuine novel trophic factor for motor and sensory neurons. PMID: 19864576

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Secreted.

TGF-beta family

Highly expressed in liver. Detected in plasma (at protein level). Expressed by cardiomyocytes, expression is highly increased in heart diseases. Also detected in subcutaneous fat.

KEGG: mmu:23886

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000003808

UniGene: Mm.31325