Human bone alkaline phosphatase,BALP ELISA Kit

Alkaline phosphatase that metabolizes various phosphate compounds and plays a key role in skeletal mineralization and adaptive thermogenesis. Has broad substrate specificity and can hydrolyze a considerable variety of compounds: however, only a few substrates, such as diphosphate (inorganic pyrophosphate; PPi), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and N-phosphocreatine are natural substrates. Plays an essential role in skeletal and dental mineralization via its ability to hydrolyze extracellular diphosphate, a potent mineralization inhibitor, to phosphate: it thereby promotes hydroxyapatite crystal formation and increases inorganic phosphate concentration. Acts in a non-redundant manner with PHOSPHO1 in skeletal mineralization: while PHOSPHO1 mediates the initiation of hydroxyapatite crystallization in the matrix vesicles (MVs), ALPL/TNAP catalyzes the spread of hydroxyapatite crystallization in the extracellular matrix. Also promotes dephosphorylation of osteopontin (SSP1), an inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystallization in its phosphorylated state; it is however unclear whether ALPL/TNAP mediates SSP1 dephosphorylation via a direct or indirect manner. Catalyzes dephosphorylation of PLP to pyridoxal (PL), the transportable form of vitamin B6, in order to provide a sufficient amount of PLP in the brain, an essential cofactor for enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of diverse neurotransmitters. Additionally, also able to mediate ATP degradation in a stepwise manner to adenosine, thereby regulating the availability of ligands for purinergic receptors. Also capable of dephosphorylating microbial products, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as well as other phosphorylated small-molecules, such as poly-inosine:cytosine (poly I:C). Acts as a key regulator of adaptive thermogenesis as part of the futile creatine cycle: localizes to the mitochondria of thermogenic fat cells and acts by mediating hydrolysis of N-phosphocreatine to initiate a futile cycle of creatine dephosphorylation and phosphorylation. During the futile creatine cycle, creatine and N-phosphocreatine are in a futile cycle, which dissipates the high energy charge of N-phosphocreatine as heat without performing any mechanical or chemical work.

1. a significant proportion of adult heterozygotes for ALPL mutations may have unspecific symptoms not attributable to their heterozygosity. PMID: 29236161
2. The ALPL SNP, rs1256328, was identified as being significantly associated with kidney stone disease status in a large Chinese Han cohort PMID: 29489416
3. The expression of ALP mRNA and ALP activity in bone tissue were much higher in osteoporosis patients with fracture than those without fracture. PMID: 29786747
4. genu varum is associated with the alkaline phosphatase level regardless of the presence of radiographic abnormalities in the growth plate in children. PMID: 28664247
5. Adults with persistent hypophosphatasemia frequently harbor alkaline phosphatase mutations and have elevated ALP substrates. PMID: 28401263
6. Mutations in ALPL which reduce alkaline phosphatase activity are responsible for Hypophosphatasia , a rare disorder characterized by defective bone and teeth mineralization and early tooth loss. PMID: 28570402
7. These results show that an increase of TNAP activity in ACDC (arterial calcification due to deficiency of CD73) contributes to ectopic calcification by disrupting the extracellular balance of PPi and Pi and identify potential therapeutic targets for ACDC. PMID: 27965423
8. the identification of 11 novel ALPL mutations in the five different HPP forms and the observation of a recurrent mutation, p. (Thr166Ile) in the Spanish population expand our knowledge of pathogenic ALPL mutations. PMID: 28127875
9. Preoperative calcitonin levels were correlated with the presence of tumor, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were not. There were no significant associations between tumor volume and ALP or calcitonin levels in the preoperative or postoperative periods. During long-term follow-up, serum ALP was significantly associated with tumor recurrence, but serum calcitonin was not. PMID: 27922893
10. His ALPL gene mutation came from c.228delG mutation in his mother and c.407G>A compound heterozygous mutation in his father PMID: 28506345
11. Both PPARgamma gene expression and TNALP activity increased during intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Inhibition of TNALP blocked intracellular lipid accumulation but did not alter expression of the PPARgamma gene. PMID: 28209522
12. ALPL is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Prostate cancer progression. PMID: 28006818
13. This result indicated that the 1559delT mutant was not retained on the plasma membrane owing to a lack of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. PMID: 27680481
14. ALPL expression is significantly upregulated in human masticatory mucosa during wound healing PMID: 28005267
15. serum ALP levels were not associated with increased death risk in prevalent HD patients over a 5-year interval. PMID: 27467278
16. In conclusion, serum levels of BSP, ALP, ICTP, and PSA increased in patients with bone metastases, and combined detection of all markers could improve the positive-predictive value. PMID: 27323113
17. results reveal that the amino acid substitutions at position 426 of TNSALP differentially affect the structure and function of TNSALP, leading to understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of hypophosphatasia. PMID: 28000043
18. One-half of adult individuals with unexplained low serum ALP carried an ALPL mutation. The presence of a mutated allele was associated with tooth loss, slightly lower levels of serum ALP, higher levels of pyridoxal phosphate and phosphoethanolamine, as well as mildly increased serum phosphate. PMID: 26783040
19. Dynamic changes of ALP, LDH and PSA during Abiraterone-therapy are associated with best clinical benefit and OS in bone metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer PMID: 26975660
20. glycosylation differences in human bone alkaline phosphatases are of crucial importance for protein-protein interactions with collagen type I PMID: 26645431
21. Analysis of a series of multiple N-glycan depletion mutants in TNSALP revealed that three N-glycans on N230, N271 and N303 were the minimal requirement for the structure and function of TNSALP and a prerequisite for its stable expression in a cell. PMID: 26797772
22. The presence of TNAP increased the dynamics and decreased the ordering of model membranes. PMID: 26389140
23. These data confirm that TNAP is co-expressed by dental pulp stromal cells together with other bone marrow stromal cells markers and show that cell density affects TNAP expression levels. PMID: 25636587
24. ALP quartiles were significantly associated with albuminuria in participants with estimated glomerular filtration rate>120 90-119, 60-89 and <60 mL/min/1.73 Higher ALP levels are significantly associated with renal hyperfiltration PMID: 25853240
25. during skeletal mineralization, the building Ca2+ gradient first activates TNAP, but gradually inactivates it at high Ca2+ concentrations, toward completion of mineralization. PMID: 25775211
26. these data demonstrate that TNAP activity is significantly increased in the brain in both the sporadic and familial forms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and that TNAP activity is significantly increased in the plasma in AD patients PMID: 26219720
27. A non-linear relationship exists between serum levels of ALP and phosphate and risk of total mortality from cardiovascular diseases. PMID: 25033287
28. Higher alkaline phosphatase was associated with the short-term adverse outcomes of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis PMID: 25246707
29. ALP mRNA binds to and is stabilized by vimentin. PMID: 25536665
30. Elevated AP was associated with the presence of COPD and respiratory symptoms (cough, wheezing). PMID: 25336462
31. Two-month alkaline phosphatase of <100 U/L had a negative predictive value of 97% for development of ischemic cholangiopathy after liver transplantation. PMID: 25769592
32. A novel role of alkaline phosphatase in the ERK1 and ERK2 dephosphorylation in renal cell carcinoma cell lines PMID: 25241253
33. In inflammatory cholestatic conditions, loss of activity of liver AP might promote hyper-adenosine triphosphate-bilia, lipopolysaccharide overload, and subsequent exacerbation and perpetuation of inflammation. [review] PMID: 25603770
34. patterns were confirmed in human teeth, including widespread TNAP, and NPP1 restricted to cementoblasts lining acellular cementum PMID: 25504209
35. High levels of alkaline phosphatase (a biochemical markers of osteosynthesis) is associated with poor prognosis in metastatic bone cancer from disseminated breast cancer. PMID: 25342482
36. Polymorphisms in ALP, ENPP1 and ANKH are important genetic risk factors contributing to Pseudoxanthoma elasticum PMID: 25025693
37. REVIEW: role of bone-type tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and PHOSPO1 in vascular calcification PMID: 24533943
38. This family report indicates that mapping ALPL mutations within the gene does not necessarily help to predict the clinical severity of the hypophosphatasia phenotype. PMID: 24569605
39. Data indicate that alkaline phosphatase (AP) velocity kinetics (APV)is an independent predictor of overall survival (OS) and bone metastasis-free survival (BMFS) in patients with -resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). PMID: 24929891
40. the new role of ALP in cell viability and apoptosis and involvement in renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis PMID: 24909115
41. Effect of cyclic mechanical stimulation on the expression of osteogenesis genes in human intraoral mesenchymal stromal and progenitor cells. PMID: 24804200
42. DNMT inhibitors facilitate the Pi-induced development of vascular calcification via the upregulation of the ALP expression along with a reduction in the DNA methylation level of the ALP promoter region. PMID: 24441913
43. ABO locus is a major determinant for serum ALP levels in Chinese Han population. PMID: 24094242
44. The CPT score,alkaline phosphatase > 1.5 ULN, and the CS nonresponse had an independent impact on the 90-day survival in alcoholic hepatitis. PMID: 24151614
45. characterization of a novel genetic alteration (c.1318_1320delAAC, p.N440del) in the ALPL gene resulting in odonto-hypophosphatasia(HPP) in monozygotic twins; results assist in defining genotype-phenotype associations for odonto-HPP and identify the collagen-binding site as a region of potential structural importance for TNAP function in the biomineralization PMID: 23791648
46. Serum ALP is adversely associated with measures of arterial structure and function in hypertensive African men. PMID: 22656046
47. The Y28D, A111T and T389N mutants displayed only negligible ALP activity in vitro compared to the wild-type (WT) tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. PMID: 24022022
48. The most frequent clinical type was the PLH type with prognosis related to respiratory failure, biochemical/radiological changes and ALPL mutations. PMID: 24276437
49. The aim of this study was to investigate two mineralization-related genes TNAP and ANKH polymorphisms associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in the North Chinese Han population. PMID: 23612078
50. data suggest that the promineralization role of TNAP may be related not only to its accepted pyrophosphatase activity but also to its ability to modify the phosphorylation status of OPN. PMID: 23427088

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Hypophosphatasia (HOPS); Hypophosphatasia childhood type (HOPSC); Hypophosphatasia infantile type (HOPSI)

Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor. Extracellular vesicle membrane; Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor. Mitochondrion membrane; Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor. Mitochondrion intermembrane space.

Alkaline phosphatase family

HGNC: 438

OMIM: 146300

KEGG: hsa:249

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000363965

UniGene: Hs.75431