Human Lysyl oxidase homolog 2(LOXL2) ELISA kit

Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine). Acts as a transcription corepressor and specifically mediates deamination of trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Shows no activity against histone H3 when it is trimethylated on 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) or 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) or when 'Lys-4' is monomethylated (H3K4me1) or dimethylated (H3K4me2). Also mediates deamination of methylated TAF10, a member of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex, which induces release of TAF10 from promoters, leading to inhibition of TFIID-dependent transcription. LOXL2-mediated deamination of TAF10 results in transcriptional repression of genes required for embryonic stem cell pluripotency including POU5F1/OCT4, NANOG, KLF4 and SOX2. Involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) via interaction with SNAI1 and participates in repression of E-cadherin CDH1, probably by mediating deamination of histone H3. During EMT, involved with SNAI1 in negatively regulating pericentromeric heterochromatin transcription. SNAI1 recruits LOXL2 to pericentromeric regions to oxidize histone H3 and repress transcription which leads to release of heterochromatin component CBX5/HP1A, enabling chromatin reorganization and acquisition of mesenchymal traits. Interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum protein HSPA5 which activates the IRE1-XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response, leading to expression of several transcription factors involved in EMT and subsequent EMT induction. Involved in E-cadherin repression following hypoxia, a hallmark of EMT believed to amplify tumor aggressiveness, suggesting that it may play a role in tumor progression. When secreted into the extracellular matrix, promotes cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins by mediating oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin. Acts as a regulator of sprouting angiogenesis, probably via collagen IV scaffolding. Acts as a regulator of chondrocyte differentiation, probably by regulating expression of factors that control chondrocyte differentiation.

1. although Loxl2 is expressed in both dermis and epidermis, its function appears largely confined to the epidermis. PMID: 29953488
2. we report that overexpression of LOXL2 promotes its accumulation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum where it interacts with HSPA5 leading to activation of the IRE1-XBP1 signalling pathway of the ER-stress response. PMID: 28332555
3. Copper loading robustly activates hLOXL2 and supports lysyl tyrosylquinone formation. PMID: 29581294
4. LOXL2 might have an important role in CRC. PMID: 29845296
5. Results revealed that LOXL2 expression was higher in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and tissues. There was a significant correlation between EMT status and LOXL2 levels indicated that a higher level of LOXL2 may contribute to tumor progression. PMID: 29620290
6. Plasma LOXL2 was significantly elevated and also strongly correlated with the degree of left atrial fibrosis in Atrial fibrillation patients with normal left ventricular function. PMID: 29089463
7. LOXL2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease and might be helpful in early diagnosis of RA-ILD. PMID: 29052023
8. Glomerular LOXL2 was localized to the cytoplasm of podocytes, as determined by double immunofluorescence microscopy using a podocyte marker (synaptopodin). This result was supported by western blot analysis, which demonstrated that LOXL2 protein expression is present in cultured human podocytes and HK2 human proximal tubular cells. PMID: 28677767
9. Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) overexpression differentially regulates signaling pathways in osteoarthritis chondrocytes. PMID: 28764769
10. our data reveal that the tumor-promoting role of LOXL2 in ESCC is mediated by perturbing the architecture of actin cytoskeleton through its PPIs. PMID: 28556501
11. HIF-1alpha plays an important role in the development of HCC by promoting HCC metastasis, EMT and VM through up-regulating LOXL2. PMID: 28449718
12. Participants were evaluated as part of a clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of simtuzumab a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), an enzyme that contributes to liver fibrosis by catalyzing collagen cross-linkage PMID: 28480218
13. expression of LOXL2 endowed dormant tumor cells with cancer stem cell-like phenotype driving their transition to metastatic outgrowth and this stem-like phenotype is dependent on epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that can be driven by the tumor microenvironment. PMID: 27655685
14. Simtuzumab is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that inhibits enzymatic activity of LOXL2... inhibition of LOXL2 expression reduced numbers of activated fibroblasts, decreased ECM deposition, inhibited angiogenesis, and prevented tumor cell invasion and metastases PMID: 28246206
15. higher LOXL2 expression is associated with the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells and the low survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients PMID: 27285767
16. LOXL2 c.C133T is a pathogenic mutation that is responsible for a fraction of familial intracranial aneurysms. PMID: 29107163
17. data demonstrate that proteolytic processing is an important event that allows LOXL2-mediated crosslinking of basement membrane collagen IV. PMID: 28864775
18. new LOXL2 splice variant contributes to tumor progression by novel molecular mechanisms different from LOXL2WT PMID: 27063404
19. LOXL2 is a potential therapeutic target against tumor progression. PMID: 27694892
20. Insulin resistance promotes lysyl oxidase like 2 induction and fibrosis accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PMID: 28468951
21. SMYD3 enhances tumorigenicity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by enhancing transcription of ezrin and LOXL2, which are involved in proliferation, migration, and invasion. PMID: 26980013
22. Data show that lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a histone modifier enzyme that removes trimethylated lysine 4 (K4) in histone H3 (H3K4me3) through an amino-oxidase reaction. PMID: 27735137
23. LOXL2 was determined to promote proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and demonstrated to be highly expressed in HCC adjacent non-tumor tissue samples compared with tumor tissue samples. PMID: 27430160
24. LOXL2 messenger RNA levels were increased in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. These results were confirmed at a protein level, with a significantly higher LOXL2 immunostaining tumoral stroma. Univariate analysis revealed that LOXL2 expression was correlated with a poor overall survival and disease-free survival. PMID: 27363654
25. glomerular extracellular matrix. Altogether, we demonstrate that LOXL2 is a novel component of the molecular machinery that forms cross-linked collagen IV networks, which are essential for glomerular basement membrane stability and molecular ultrafiltration function. PMID: 27770022
26. The expression levels of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) mRNA and protein were markedly suppressed in transfected prostate cancer cells with microRNAs miR-26a, miR-26b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c and miR-218. PMID: 27278788
27. Overexpression of LOXL2 and SERPINH1 was observed in clinical specimens of lung cancer and fibrotic lesions. Downregulation of miR-29a caused overexpression of LOXL2 and SERPINH1 in lung cancer and IPF, suggesting that these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of these two diseases. PMID: 27488440
28. LOXL2 expression is significantly upregulated in human masticatory mucosa during wound healing PMID: 28005267
29. BMP2 and RUNX2 are expressed exclusively by osteoblasts whereas DSPP and LOXL2 are expressed exclusively by odontoblasts. (Review) PMID: 27784228
30. Results showed that LOXL2 was overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma clinical specimens and that silencing of the LOXL2 gene significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of cancer cells. PMID: 26490187
31. ECM crosslinking by EC-derived exosomes is mediated by LOXL2. PMID: 26612622
32. Results show that miR-26a and miR-26b were significantly downregulated in renal cell carcinoma clinical specimens and appeared to function as tumor suppressors through regulation of collagen cross-linking enzymes, LOXL2 and PLOD2, both of which function as oncogenes in this disease. PMID: 26983694
33. Loss of tumor-suppressive miR29s enhanced cancer cell invasion in lung SCC through direct regulation of oncogenic LOXL2. PMID: 26676674
34. LOXL2 promotes tumor progression. PMID: 26329904
35. We identified LOXL2 to be associated with the outcome of colon cancer patients. Furthermore, it can be used to stratify patients at stages II and III for further therapeutic decisions. PMID: 26206869
36. Data suggest that restoration of MIRN29 (microRNA 29) synthesis silences expression of LOXL2 (lysyl oxidase-like 2) and inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of renal cell carcinoma cells. PMID: 26096783
37. Lysine oxidation of the transcription factor TAF10 by LOXL2 is a controlled protein modification and demonstrates a role for protein oxidation in regulating pluripotency genes. PMID: 25959397
38. identified novel alternative splicing isoform, LOXL2 Deltae13; data suggest it modulates effects of cancer cell migration and invasion through a different mechanism from full-length LOXL2 and may play an important role in tumor carcinogenesis and progression PMID: 25275797
39. The structure and functions of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) are reviewed. [review] PMID: 25146937
40. LOXL2 is a direct repressor of NOTCH1.There is an exclusive expression pattern between LOXL2 and members of the canonical NOTCH1 pathway in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 25759215
41. Data indicate potential roles of LOXL2 (lysyl oxidase-like 2) splice variants with large scale data. PMID: 25254241
42. LOXL2 expression in stromal cells may be a useful prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer. Fibroblast-derived LOXL2 may stimulate the motility of gastric cancer cells. PMID: 25128648
43. LOXL2 activates the FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptotic cell death. PMID: 24863880
44. promoted intrahepatic metastasis by increasing tissue stiffness PMID: 25048396
45. higher sLOXL2 levels are associated with increased risk for IPF disease progression PMID: 24177001
46. These results provide important clues for experimental identification of the specific biological roles and molecular mechanisms of LOXL2-delta72. PMID: 24716982
47. LOXL2 expression in normal epithelial cells can induce abnormal changes that resemble oncogenic transformation and cancer progression. PMID: 23971878
48. Findings reveal new insight into the mechanisms of fibroblast activation, a novel function of LOXL2, and further highlight the importance of generating LOXL2-targeted therapies for the prevention of tumor progression and metastasis. PMID: 24008674
49. Higher LOXL2 expression is associated with invasiveness of basal-like breast cancer cells and lower survival of breast cancer patients. PMID: 23933800
50. Sequence analysis of LOXL2, genes did not reveal any putative mutations for hyperostosis cranialis interna to chromosome 8p21 PMID: 23640157

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Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane. Nucleus. Chromosome. Endoplasmic reticulum.

Lysyl oxidase family

Expressed in many tissues. Highest expression in reproductive tissues, placenta, uterus and prostate. In esophageal epithelium, expressed in the basal, prickle and granular cell layers. Up-regulated in a number of cancers cells and tissues.

HGNC: 6666

OMIM: 606663

KEGG: hsa:4017

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000373783

UniGene: Hs.626637